Abstract The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire is a widely used self-report measure to assess adult attachment, based on two dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. This instrument has been adapted in multiple contexts, including the Chilean, for which there is an abbreviated version (ECR-12), that is the object of analysis in the present study. Although there is consensus that attachment security is best described in dimensional terms, there are areas, such as clinical practice, where having reference values could be useful. The aim of this study is to provide reference values for the interpretation of ECR-12 scores in the Chilean context. To do this, a sample of 6779 participants was evaluated using the ECR-12. The z-score normalization method was used to obtain the reference values. The analyzes carried out showed the need to build scales differentiated by age. Thus, for the group of 29 years or less, the cut-off point in the anxiety dimension is an average equal to or greater than 4.4 points, and for avoidance, the cut-off point is an average equal to or greater than 2.5. On the other hand, for the group aged 30 or older, the cut-off point in the anxiety dimension is an average equal to or greater than 4.2, and for avoidance, it is an average equal to or greater than 2.9. These findings can be relevant not only for identifying people who may present substantially high levels of anxiety and/or avoidance in attachment, but also as a complementary clinical tool in therapeutic contexts.

Resumen El cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas (ECR) es un instrumento de auto-reporte ampliamente utilizado para evaluar el apego en la adultez, a partir de dos dimensiones: la ansiedad y la evitación asociadas al apego. Este instrumento ha sido adaptado en múltiples contextos, incluyendo el chileno, del cual existe una versión abreviada (ECR-12), objeto de análisis del presente estudio. Si bien existe consenso en que la seguridad en el apego es mejor descrita en términos dimensionales, hay ámbitos, como en la práctica clínica donde contar con valores de referencia podría ser de utilidad. El objetivo de este estudio es proveer valores de referencia para la interpretación de los valores del ECR-12 en el contexto chileno. Para ello, una muestra de 6779 participantes respondió el ECR-12. Se utilizó el método de puntuación z con normalización para obtener los valores de referencia. Los análisis realizados evidenciaron la necesidad de construir baremos diferenciados por edad. Así, para el grupo de 29 años o menos, el punto de corte en la dimensión de ansiedad es de un promedio igual o superior a 4.4 puntos, y para la evitación, el punto de corte es de un promedio igual o superior a 2.5. En cambio, para el grupo de 30 años o más, el punto de corte en la dimensión de ansiedad es de un promedio igual o superior a 4.2, y para la evitación, es de un promedio igual o superior a 2.9. Estos hallazgos pueden ser relevantes no sólo para identificar a personas que puedan presentar niveles sustancialmente altos de ansiedad y/o evitación en el apego, sino, también puede constituirse como una herramienta clínica complementaria en contextos terapéuticos.

Resumen: La esperanza, según la teoría de Snyder, es definida como un atributo disposicional que consta de dos dimensiones, agencia y vía. Este constructo ha sido ampliamente estudiado por su asociación con calidad y satisfacción con la vida. En el contexto chileno no se cuenta con una medida válida y adaptada a población infantojuvenil. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Esperanza Disposicional para su uso en niños(as) y adolescentes (NNA) chilenos. Sujetos y Metodo: El estudio se realizó en 331 NNA, edades de 10 a 20 años, provenientes de distintos centros educativos del país. La confiabilidad se verificó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Se comparó el modelo de un factor con el de dos factores mediante el método de estimación de máxima probabilidad (MLR), y la validez se analizó en relación con otras variables, específicamente con síntomas depresivos. Resultados: La escala mostró un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,89, ajustando adecuadamente al modelo de dos factores, conservando la estructura original propuesto por Snyder y otros. Está relacionada negativamente con la presencia de sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones: La escala de Esperanza para NNA es una medida que posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en población chilena infanto-juvenil.

Abstract: According to Snyder’s theory, hope is defined as a dispositional attribute consisting of two dimensions, agency and pathway thinking. This construct has been widely studied because of its association with quality and satisfaction with life. In the Chilean context, there is no valid measure adapted to the population of children and adolescents. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Dispositional Hope Scale for Chilean children and adolescents (NNA, for its acronym in Spanish). Subjects and Method: The study was conducted on 331 NNA, aged 10 to 20 years, from different educational centers in the country. Reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In addition, one-factor vs two-factor models were compared using the Maximum Likelihood (MLR), while validity was analyzed in relation to other variables, specifically depressive symptoms. Results: The scale showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.89 and an adequate fit to the two-factor model, keeping the original structure proposed by Snyder et al. It is negatively related to depressive symptomatology. Conclusions: The NNA Hope Scale shows appropriate psychometric properties for its use on Chilean NNA population.

Resumen: La esperanza, según la teoría de Snyder, es definida como un atributo disposicional que consta de dos dimensiones, agencia y vía. Este constructo ha sido ampliamente estudiado por su asociación con calidad y satisfacción con la vida. En el contexto chileno no se cuenta con una medida válida y adaptada a población infantojuvenil. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Esperanza Disposicional para su uso en niños(as) y adolescentes (NNA) chilenos. Sujetos y Metodo: El estudio se realizó en 331 NNA, edades de 10 a 20 años, provenientes de distintos centros educativos del país. La confiabilidad se verificó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Se comparó el modelo de un factor con el de dos factores mediante el método de estimación de máxima probabilidad (MLR), y la validez se analizó en relación con otras variables, específicamente con síntomas depresivos. Resultados: La escala mostró un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,89, ajustando adecuadamente al modelo de dos factores, conservando la estructura original propuesto por Snyder y otros. Está relacionada negativamente con la presencia de sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones: La escala de Esperanza para NNA es una medida que posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en población chilena infanto-juvenil.

Abstract: According to Snyder’s theory, hope is defined as a dispositional attribute consisting of two dimensions, agency and pathway thinking. This construct has been widely studied because of its association with quality and satisfaction with life. In the Chilean context, there is no valid measure adapted to the population of children and adolescents. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Dispositional Hope Scale for Chilean children and adolescents (NNA, for its acronym in Spanish). Subjects and Method: The study was conducted on 331 NNA, aged 10 to 20 years, from different educational centers in the country. Reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In addition, one-factor vs two-factor models were compared using the Maximum Likelihood (MLR), while validity was analyzed in relation to other variables, specifically depressive symptoms. Results: The scale showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.89 and an adequate fit to the two-factor model, keeping the original structure proposed by Snyder et al. It is negatively related to depressive symptomatology. Conclusions: The NNA Hope Scale shows appropriate psychometric properties for its use on Chilean NNA population.

Abstract Background Based on the theory by Carver y Scheier, optimism is defined as a trait or disposition consisting of two dimensions, optimism and pessimism. This construct is widely studied for its association with quality of life and psychological well-being. In the Chilean context, this construct does not have a valid measure of children and youth. This paper offers, is offered an alternative for its evaluation in a wide range of ages through the measurement carried out by the fathers and mothers. Objective For the analysis, reliability was reviewed for the total sample, by gender of parents, and by age group. Likewise, for confirmatory factor analysis, the adjustment indices commonly used in research practice were reviewed. This study aims to assess the factor structure of LOT-P on Chilean children and youth, as reported by parents. Results Data obtained on a sample of 392 Chilean parents show a good fit with the two-dimensional structure proposed by Lemola et al. Additionally, results show metric invariance between mothers and fathers, s for different age types. Conclusions Therefore, LOT-P shows psychometric properties suitable for assessing NNA optimism, as reported by parents. This investigation has some limitations related with a high educational and socioeconomic level of the participants, for example.

Resumen Antecedentes Basada en la teoría de Carver y Scheier, el optimismo es definido como un rasgo o disposición que consta de dos dimensiones, optimismo y pesimismo. Este constructo es ampliamente estudiado por su asociación con calidad de vida y bienestar psicológico. En el contexto nacional no se cuenta con un instrumento validado para medir este constructo en población infantojuvenil. En el presente artículo, se ofrece una alternativa para su evaluación en un amplio margen de edades a través de la medición realizada por los padres y madres en dos etapas del ciclo vital infantojuvenil. Objetivo El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la estructura factorial de la versión chilena del Test de Orientación Vital en niños, niñas y jóvenes, valorado por los padres, LOT-P. Para ello, se evaluó una muestra de 392 personas, padres y madres chilenos. Resultados Para el análisis, se revisó la fiabilidad para la muestra total, por género de padres, y por grupo etario. Asimismo, para el análisis factorial confirmatorio, se revisaron los índices de ajuste comúnmente utilizados en la práctica investigativa. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan evidencia que el instrumento se ajusta a la propuesta original de Lemola y colaboradores, correspondiente a una estructura bidimensional. Asimismo, se evidenció la equivalencia de la escala entre padres y madres, como para distintos tipos etarios. Conclusiones En conclusión, la escala LOT-P posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación del optimismo de los niños, niñas y jóvenes, reportado por sus padres y madres. Algunas de las limitaciones de esta investigación se relacionan con la mayor participación de personas con un nivel educacional y socioeconómico alto, por ejemplo.

Abstract Introduction There are few reports on mental health among the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population in the context of COVID-19, especially in South America. Objective To describe the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental health disorders, as well as to analyze the risk of their occurrence, in different groups of the Chilean LGBT population in the context of COVID-19. Method A total of 1,181 LGBT people, ranged from 18 to 64 years participated in an online survey, using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-DASS-21. The central tendency measures were analyzed, then cut-off points were used to establish prevalence according to sex and sexual orientation. Finally, the probability of symptoms was analyzed using odds ratio. Results Lower levels of mental health were identified among the bisexual and other sexual orientations (pansexual, demisexual, asexual, etc.) population as compared with gays and lesbians, finding a greater presence of depressive symptoms (p = .000), anxious (p = .000) and related to stress (p<.001). Similarly, bisexual women are more likely to present symptoms associated with mental health disorders than men, as lesbians do, as compared with gays in the case of anxiety. Gays are at a higher risk of stress than lesbians. Discussion and conclusion Even though the pandemic affected the entire population, results give evidence of disparities among the various LGBT communities, showing the need to focus on preventive interventions and the implications of increased risk in bisexual population, particularly women, who are affected by various cross discriminations.

Resumen Introducción Existen pocos reportes sobre la salud mental en poblaciones de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT) en el contexto del COVID-19, especialmente en Sudamérica. Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de síntomas asociados a problemas de salud mental, así como analizar su riesgo de ocurrencia en diferentes grupos de población LGBT chilena en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. Método Participaron en una encuesta en línea un total de 1,181 personas LGBT, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 64 años, quienes completaron el cuestionario DASS-21 (del inglés Depression Anxiety Stress Scales). Primero se analizaron las medidas de tendencia central, luego se estableció la prevalencia según sexo y orientación sexual y finalmente se analizó la probabilidad de presentar síntomas mediante el odss ratio. Resultados Se identificaron menores niveles de salud mental en la población bisexual y otras orientaciones sexuales (pansexual, demisexual, asexual, etc.), en comparación con gays y lesbianas, debido a una mayor presencia de sintomatología depresiva (p = .000), ansiosa (p = .000) y vinculada al estrés (p<.001). Asimismo, las mujeres bisexuales fueron más propensas que los hombres a presentar síntomas asociados a trastornos de salud mental, al igual que las lesbianas, en comparación con los gays en el caso de la ansiedad. Los gays tienen un mayor riesgo de estrés que las lesbianas. Discusión y conclusión Aun cuando la pandemia afectó a toda la población, los resultados evidencian las disparidades entre las distintas comunidades LGBT, mostrando la necesidad de centrarse en las intervenciones preventivas y las implicaciones de un mayor riesgo en la población bisexual, especialmente en las mujeres, que se ven afectadas por diversas discriminaciones cruzadas.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica (ECD, Larzelere & Huston, 1980) en personas gays y lesbianas de Chile. Para ello, se evaluó una muestra de 360 personas chilenas gay o lesbianas involucradas en una relación de pareja. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan evidencia de que el instrumento se ajusta de manera aceptable a una estructura unidimensional y que es invariante entre personas gay y lesbianas. Adicionalmente, se identificó que posee una consistencia interna adecuada, así como una asociación inversa entre los niveles de confianza diádica y la ansiedad y evitación del apego. En conclusión, la ECD posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la confianza diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en el contexto chileno.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Dyadic Trust Scale (DTS, Larzelere & Huston, 1980). For this purpose, a sample of 360 Chilean gay or lesbian people involved in a couple relationship was evaluated. The data obtained provide evidence that the instrument conforms acceptably to a unidimensional structure and scores are invariant between gay and lesbian persons. Additionally, it has adequate internal consistency, as well as an inverse association between levels of dyadic trust and attachment anxiety and avoidance. In conclusion, the ECD has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of dyadic trust in gay and lesbian persons in the Chilean context.

Abstract: The Emotional Intimacy Scale (EIE) is a self-report instrument that assesses emotional intimacy in close relationships. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the EIE for its use in heterosexual, gay and lesbian people who are currently involved in a couple relationship. The sample consisted of 883 Chileans, (404 men and 479 women; 565 heterosexuals and 318 homosexual), between the ages of 18 and 72. Using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the one-dimensional structure of the scale was replicated, achieving a good fit to the data, while the multi-group analysis revealed that the EIE-E (Spanish version) is invariant according to sex and sexual orientation. The internal consistency indices using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald Omega were appropriate, and a positive association was observed between emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction. Finally, results showed that lesbian women showed higher levels of intimacy relative to the other groups. It is concluded that the EIE-E is an appropriate instrument for the study of emotional intimacy in people who are in a couple relationship, be they heterosexual men or women, gays or lesbians.

Resumen: La Escala de Intimidad Emocional (EIE) es un instrumento de auto-informe que evalúa la intimidad emocional en relaciones cercanas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la EIE para su uso en personas heterosexuales, gais y lesbianas involucradas en una relación de pareja. La muestra incluyó 883 personas chilenas (404 hombres y 479 mujeres; 565 heterosexuales y 318 homosexuales), entre 18 y 72 años. Mediante un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, se replicó la estructura unidimensional de la escala logrando un buen nivel de ajuste a los datos, mientras que el análisis multigrupo reveló que la EIE-E (versión en español) es invariante según sexo y orientación sexual. Los índices de consistencia interna mediante el alfa de Cronbach y McDonald Omega fueron apropiados y se observó una asociación positiva entre la intimidad emocional y la satisfacción con la relación de pareja. Finalmente, se identificó que las mujeres lesbianas evidencian mayores niveles de intimidad que el resto de los grupos. Se concluye que la EIE-E es un instrumento apropiado para el estudio de la intimidad emocional en personas que se encuentran en una relación de pareja, sean estas hombres o mujeres heterosexuales, gais o lesbianas.

Abstract Prejudice and discrimination have important effects on the well-being and quality of life of trans people. Hence, investigating with said population implies, in addition to actions to obtain relevant and truthful information, having the necessary actions to attend to their needs and peculiarities. These are populations that are difficult to access (hard-to-reach), stigmatized, in which there is no defined sampling frame, that have physical and mental health indicators lower than those of any other group with which we have worked and that, therefore, it is necessary to take extreme the precautions not to reproduce types of relationships that may be harmful or offensive. The purpose of the present article was to systematize part of our field experience with transgender people, so that it can be useful for those who study with this population. These recommendations aim to provide some conceptual, methodological and ethical guidelines, useful throughout the research process. In particular, we made a series of recommendations that cover from the moment of taking conceptual decisions about the design of the study, through contact with the organizations, until the completion of the field work and subsequent stage of dissemination of results. In particular, a series of recommendations are made regarding: specifying the definition of the group with which one works, recording the variety of gender identifications as people present them, using to sampling methods for hard-to-reach populations or hidden populations, deliver a retribution for the participation (consider participants as experts to be compensated for their work), including activists as experts in every stage of the study (study design, field work, data analysis and dissemination of results), piloting the instruments in specific population, preferably opt for group applications modality and continue with a debriefing, have specific assistance for participants during the application (special needs derived from their age, educational level, reduced mobility, among others), use non-stigmatizing and inclusive language, call together with trans organizations (in order to establish greater trust in the population), attend to a mobility of the population (so as not to replicate the sample in different places), carry out a committed listening and contemplate referral protocols (if necessary given the type of situations described by the participants and their current degree of elaboration), consider different trajectories of transition, conduct inter-analysis sessions and disseminate appropriately within the transgender population. These propositions are discussed in terms of their effects on trans communities, their usefulness and ethical scope, their articulation with the general requirements of all research, and their implications for activism. On the other hand, these recommendations can serve as criteria for evaluating the ethical dimension of research projects with trans people. It may therefore be important to project reviewers, editors, and reviewers of manuscripts submitted for publication. The perspective that we assume in this work is aligned with those called "evidence-based activism", which implies articulating a variety of knowledge, scientifically accredited and of an "experiential" type, in order to explore situations in which the team members Research staff are part of networks that involve them personally in their study topics. It is precisely the relationship with groups that work for the rights of minorities, activists and members of these groups is essential, since they have knowledge acquired through their experience as part of discriminated groups and they can contribute to the mobilization of knowledge in the governance of health issues.

Resumen El presente trabajo expone y fundamenta recomendaciones basadas en la experiencia de investigación en personas transgénero, con la intención de que puedan ser útiles a quienes realicen estudios con dicha población. Estas recomendaciones incluyen orientaciones conceptuales, metodológicas y éticas, aplicables a lo largo del proceso de investigación. En particular, las orientaciones cubren los siguientes temas: definir con precisión el colectivo con el que se trabaja, registrar la variedad de identificaciones de género posibles al interior del mismo, utilizar métodos de muestreo aptos para poblaciones de difícil acceso, retribuir la participación, incluir líderes e investigadores transgéneros como expertos, pilotar los instrumentos en la población que será investigada, optar por modalidades de recolección grupal de datos, ofrecer asistencia individualizada durante la recolección, utilizar un lenguaje no estigmatizante e inclusivo, convocar la participación en conjunto con organizaciones transgénero, atender a la movilidad geográfica de la población, realizar una escucha comprometida y contemplar protocolos de derivación, considerar las diferentes trayectorias de transición, realizar sesiones de interanálisis y, finalmente, difundir apropiadamente los hallazgos al interior de la población transgénero. Se discuten estas proposiciones en términos de sus efectos en las comunidades trans, su utilidad y alcances éticos, su articulación con exigencias generales de toda investigación y sus implicaciones para el activismo.

Abstract: Previous research indicates that people with greater difficulties in emotion regulation (DRE) have, in turn, higher rates of depressive symptomatology. Likewise, factors such as sex, the presence of children, the initiative of separation, the stress experienced during separation and the socioeconomic level, are related to the presence of depressive symptomatology. However, in whom or for whom, the effect of DRE on depression is greater in this specific context, it requires further exploration. The present study aims to study the moderating role of these factors in the relationship between DRE and depression in a sample of 518 divorced and separated Chilean people. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the effect of emotional dysregulation on depression levels is moderated by the level of stress experienced by the rupture and by who took the initiative of separation. Clinical implications of these results are discussed, as well as future lines of research.

Resumen: Investigaciones previas señalan que, personas con mayores dificultades de regulación emocional (DRE) presentan mayor sintomatología depresiva. Asimismo, factores como el sexo, presencia de hijos, iniciativa de la separación, estrés experimentado durante la separación y nivel socioeconómico, se relacionan con la presencia de sintomatología depresiva. Sin embargo, para quiénes el efecto de las DRE en la depresión es mayor en este contexto específico, requiere mayor exploración. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar el rol moderador de estos factores en la relación entre DRE y depresión, en una muestra de 518 personas chilenas divorciadas y separadas. Los resultados permiten concluir que el efecto de las DRE sobre los niveles de depresión, está moderado por el nivel de estrés experimentado por la ruptura y por quién tomó la iniciativa de la separación. Se discuten las implicancias clínicas de estos resultados, así como líneas de investigación futuras.

Abstract: Divorce-separation entails a process of adaptation to one’s new status, given the series of changes that must be faced in several areas of life. In this regard, having instruments suited to the Chilean context that make it possible to evaluate adaptation to divorce and separation is a necessary step for understanding this process. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Divorce and Separation Adjustment Questionnaire (CAD-S, Yárnoz Yaben & Comino González, 2010). The non-probability convenience sample used was composed of 348 divorced-separated parents from 4 cities in Chile. The analyses performed show the suitability of an 18-item instrument, while a confirmatory factor analysis supports a structure of 4 correlated factors, as does the version developed in Spain. The internal consistency coefficients of the factors, evaluated with the Omega coefficient, were acceptable for the subscales of psychological difficulties, conflicts with ex-partner, and attitude toward co-parenting, with values of 0.92, 0.74, and 0.83 respectively; however, a less acceptable value was obtained for negative consequences in children (0.65). Regarding the validity evidence based on relationships with other variables, correlations were obtained between adjustment to divorce-separation and mental health measures: depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21), and satisfaction with life (SWLS). The scale has validity evidence for its use in the studied population.

Resumen: El divorcio-separación supone un proceso de adaptación al nuevo estatus, dada la serie de cambios que deben afrontarse en distintos ámbitos de la vida. En tal sentido, contar con instrumentos adaptados a la realidad chilena que permitan evaluar la adaptación al divorcio y la separación es un paso necesario para comprender este proceso. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del Cuestionario de Ajuste al Divorcio y la Separación (CAD-S, Yárnoz Yaben & Comino González, 2010). La muestra, no probabilística de conveniencia, estuvo compuesta por 348 progenitores, divorciados/as-separados/as provenientes de 4 ciudades de Chile. Los análisis dan cuenta de la idoneidad de un instrumento de 18 ítems y un análisis factorial confirmatorio apoya la estructura de 4 factores correlacionados, al igual que la versión desarrollada en España. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna de los factores, evaluados con el coeficiente Omega, fueron aceptables para las subescalas de dificultades psicológicas, conflictos con la expareja y disposición a la coparentalidad, con valores de 0,92, 0,74 y 0,83 respectivamente; mientras que para consecuencias negativas en los hijos fue 0,65, siendo un valor menos aceptable. Respecto de la evidencia de validez basada en la relación con otras variables, se obtuvieron correlaciones entre el ajuste al divorcio-separación y medidas de salud mental: depresión, ansiedad y estrés (DASS-21), y satisfacción con la vida (SWLS). La escala presenta evidencia de validez para su uso en la población estudiada.

Background: Transgender population is at a higher risk of suffering mental health problems than cisgender population (people whose sex and gender identity are in agreement) and other sexual minorities (gays, lesbians, and bisexuals), partly due to the greater stress that they suffer or for being victims of sexual prejudice. Aim: To describe positive and negative mental health indicators in a sample of transgender people living in Chile. Material and Methods: An intentional sample of 377 transgender individuals older than 18 years, living in the country's northern, center and southern zones were studied. Sociodemographic and well-being features, negative emotional symptoms, suicidal behavior, and substance consumption were assessed. Results: A precarious mental health was confirmed among participants. A high frequency of depression, ideation and suicide attempts, and high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were identified. Also, a high frequency of substance abuse was found. These mental health indicators varied according to the sex assigned at birth and gender self-identification. Conclusions: Transgender people experience precariousness and vulnerability in their mental health.

Background: There are no reference values for the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-E) for the Chilean population. Aim: To elaborate reference values for the interpretation of the DERS-E for the Chilean population. Material and Methods: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale was answered by participants from the general population (1,153 heterosexual men and women and 467 gay and lesbian individuals) and a group of 351 participants with emotional complaints. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to obtain the reference values. A concordance index was determined, and the odds ratio was calculated to evaluate the probability of having mental health problems comparing participants with emotional complaints with those from the general population. Results: The DERS-E cut-off score was 73 points for the Chilean population. No differences were detected for emotional regulation difficulties between men and women or by sexual orientation. Age had a weak association with emotional regulation difficulties. Conclusions: DERS-E has an adequate diagnostic capacity, allowing to differentiate between those who have high or low emotional regulation difficulties.

Abstract The Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan et al, Attachment theory and close relationships, 1998) questionnaire is one of the most widely used measures of adult romantic attachment. Despite the advantages of the ECR, the length of this measure may discourage its use in clinical and research contexts. Consequently, the goal of this study was to develop a brief Spanish version of the ECR questionnaire and to examine its psychometric properties when administered to six different Spanish-speaking samples from Chile. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the twodimensional structure of the ECR and its invariance across gender. Results also supported the reliability and concurrent validity of our brief Spanish version of the ECR (i.e., Spanish ECR-12), by its association with measures of emotion regulation, dyadic empathy, psychological distress and well-being, and relationship satisfaction. The Spanish ECR-12 can be used by researchers and clinical professionals as an abridged measure of adult attachment.

Abstract The Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003) has made it possible to explain how sexual prejudice produces negative effects on the health and wellbeing of people belonging to sexual minorities, through distal and proximal stressors. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of transgender adults in Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 transgender people, both male and female, in four cities of the country. The results allow us to identify the presence of distal factors associated with overt discrimination, as well as, proximal factors associated with the experience of stigma and its effects on self-concept. Finally, effects on mental health are described, among which the presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation and attempts, self-injurious behavior and consumption of alcohol and other substances.

Resumen El Modelo de Estrés de las Minorías (Meyer, 2003) ha permitido explicar de qué forma el prejuicio sexual produce efectos negativos en la salud y bienestar de personas pertenecientes a las minorías sexuales, a través de la identificación de estresores de tipo distales y proximales. Este estudio buscó indagar los efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de personas transgénero en Chile desde un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 17 personas transgénero femeninas y masculinas en cuatro ciudades del país. Los resultados nos permite identificar la presencia de factores distales asociados a discriminación manifiesta y factores proximales asociados a la vivencia del estigma y su relación con el autoconcepto. Finalmente, se describen efectos en la salud mental, entre los que destacan la presencia de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, ideación e intentos suicidas, conductas autolesivas y consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias.

ABSTRACT: Transgender individuals have progressively acquired visibility and rights in many western societies. Psychosocial research on this population is recent and has focused on sexual prejudice and its impact on the mental health of transgender people. This paper intends to clarify some conceptual definitions used in psychosocial research, summarize the evidence obtained in Chile, and observe how it relates to international literature. Although the article focuses on mental health, the effects of prejudice and social rejection as precursors of a deteriorated mental health are also examined. This paper aims to contribute to debate and research on pending conceptual and methodological issues related to transgender populations in Latin America.

RESUMEN: Las personas transgénero han logrado progresivamente visibilidad y derechos en muchas sociedades occidentales. La investigación psicosocial sobre dicha población es reciente y se focaliza en el estudio del prejuicio sexual y su impacto sobre la salud mental de las personas transgénero. En este artículo se busca clarificar algunas definiciones conceptuales usadas en la investigación psicosocial, sintetizar la evidencia obtenida en Chile y observar cómo esta dialoga con la literatura internacional. Si bien el foco es la salud mental, se examinan también los efectos del prejuicio y el rechazo social como precursores de una salud mental deteriorada. Este artículo pretende contribuir al debate e investigación en temas conceptuales y metodológicos aún pendientes referidos a la población transgénero en América Latina.